Offshore Namibia shows hydrocarbon potential

PGS has more than 15,000 line km of 2D GeoStreamer with GeoSource seismic data offshore Namibia. Recent wells Wingat-1, Murombe-1, Moosehead-1, and Kabeljou-1 provide invaluable insight into the hydrocarbon system and prospectivity for offshore Namibia.

The Namibian offshore basins were formed during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous due to the rift and subsequent drift of the South American and African plates. The tectonostratigraphic architecture of offshore Namibia is a classic example of passive margin rifting with clearly defined syn- and post-rift megasequences. In addition to these megasequences, deeply buried pre-rift Permo-Carboniferous to Triassic Karoo aged rocks are clearly visible on the recent seismic. Along the margin, four main basins are delineated, from north to south, these are: the Namibe, Walvis, Luderitz, and Orange.

Syn-rift depositional environments are predominantly terrestrial, ranging from fluvial, lacustrine, and aeolian. Fine- to coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates were deposited within river systems, with turbidite sequences in anoxic lakes. Lacustrine carbonates, similar to those found along West Africa and on the Brazilian conjugate margin may also be considered; however, these remain untested. Ages for the syn-rift are debated, ranging from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. These syn-rift grabens are widespread across Namibia, and can contain several kilometers of sediment.

In thedeepwater region south of the Walvis Ridge, a thick package of Seaward Dipping Reflectors (SDRs) marks the transition between continental and oceanic crust. These SDRs are interpreted as thick, stacked, sub-aerial basalt flows interspersed with non-volcanic sediments deposited toward the end of the syn-rift period. The figure on page 44 shows clear SDRs to the west and the possibility for preserved sub-SDR, syn-rift structure and sediments to the east of the seismic section. Although these SDRs have never been drilled in Namibia, the upper most part of the syn-rift has been penetrated at the Kudu field in the Orange Basin, offshore South Africa, where sediments include sandstones deposited in an aeolian environment, as well as interleaved basalt flows.

As active rifting ceased in the Early Cretaceous, the late syn-rift to early post-rift phase was characterized by the deposition of clastic sediments in continental, fluvial, lagoon, and finally transgressive to deep marine environments. The Early Cretaceous rifting that defines this margin began earlier in the south, with the volcanic Walvis Ridge in northern Namibia forming a major divide during the early rift stage. This divide resulted in restricted conditions north of the ridge during the Aptian, with repeated cycles of marine incursions leading to the development of a thick evaporite sequence. Although this salt is widespread throughout the West African margin, it thins into the Namibe Basin and is absent from Namibia, where open marine conditions prevailed.

Aggrading carbonates were deposited during the Aptian-Albian, followed by a major sequence of progradational clastic infill from the Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary, contributing the largest volume of sediment input into the basin. Basin floor fan and channel systems, clearly identifiable on the seismic, are interpreted to be periods of low sea level during which sediments were able to bypass the shelf and be deposited down slope.

Petroleum system, its successes and de-risking exploration

Exploration offshoreNamibia is limited. Along a margin covering 670,000 sq km (258,688 sq mi), only 12 wildcat wells were drilled. Over the last few years, a renewed drilling campaign has resulted in a suite of modern seismic and a few dry wells. This information is invaluable in terms of the knowledge gained and provides key insights into a working petroleum system. The wells drilled were the Kabeljou-1 (Petrobras, 2012), and Moosehead-1, Murombe-1, and Wingat-1 (HRT, all 2013).

The activity planned for 2014 includes Repsol/Tower Resources' Welwitschia-1 wildcat, planned for the first half of 2014 in northern Namibia, which will target Upper Cretaceous to early Tertiary sands and the deeper Albian carbonate horizon with net risked prospective resources quoted at 496 MMboe.

The oldest known source rocks in Namibia are Karoo aged coals and carbonaceous shales, found in the coastal Toscanini-1 in 1972. In the offshore area, the prevalence of this source rock remains unknown. The oldest proven source rock tested by offshore wells is in Kudu field and is believed to be lacustrine syn-rift in origin, equivalent to the prolific Bucomazi shales.

To the west, clear SDRs are imaged, with the possibility for preserved sub-SDR, syn-rift structure and sediments.

Offshore South Africa, the syn-rift lacustrine source rock is demonstrated in the Ibhubesi field (1981) and AJ-1 discovery (1988).

In the Aptian post-rift section, marine shales interpreted to be deposited as part of Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) 1a were encountered in Kabeljou-1, Wingat-1, Murombe-1, and Moosehead-1. In Wingat-1, the interval was apparently oil mature, with small samples of light, 38-42° API oil collected from thin sands below the interval.

Another potential major source rock is the Cenomanian-Turonian marine shales associated with OAE 2. Encountered on the shelf by well 2012/13-1 with total organic carbon content (TOC) of 5%, the shales were thermally immature, but indicated the possibility that where sufficiently buried, they could generate hydrocarbons.

Migration efficiency is another factor that must be considered when risking the margins.

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